Which of the following lists all components of the LMU One Health Model?

• A. Animal, Ecosystem, and Human
• B. Animal, Ecosystem, Human, and Social Determinants
• C. Animal, Human, and Social Determinants
• D. Ecosystem, Human, and Social Determinants

Answer: (B)

The main idea is that the LMU One Health Model includes four interconnected domains that shape health outcomes: animals, the environment (ecosystem), humans, and the social determinants that influence exposure, vulnerability, and access to care. The full model must include all of these elements to capture how disease can move between animals and people within a shared environment, while also being shaped by social factors like income, education, housing, and healthcare access.

Including all four components makes the model comprehensive. It accounts for animal reservoirs and transmission to humans, the ecological context that supports or hinders spread, how human behavior and physiology affect risk, and how social conditions determine who is most affected and how systems respond. If any piece is left out, important drivers are missing—for example, without social determinants you’d overlook inequities and barriers to prevention and treatment; without the animal or ecosystem components you’d miss sources and pathways of transmission; without the human component you’d miss clinical and public health responses.