Which of the following is NOT a component of the LMU One Health Model?

• A. Animal
• B. Ecosystem
• C. Human
• D. Economic Determinants

Answer: (D)

The LMU One Health Model centers on three interconnected domains: animal health, human health, and the ecosystem (environment). Health outcomes are seen as arising from how these domains interact—how pathogens move between animals and people, and how environmental factors like climate, land use, and biodiversity shape disease risk. Economic determinants aren’t treated as a separate, formal component within this model. While economic factors can influence how communities interact with animals and environments, the model’s core framework focuses on the animal, human, and ecosystem components. Therefore, economic determinants are not considered a formal part of the LMU One Health Model. The other three options—animal, human, and ecosystem—fit as the model’s components.